In the construction of oil and gas drilling, in order to safely drill through high-pressure oil and gas layers and avoid drilling blowout accidents, it is necessary to install a set of equipment - drilling well control device - on the wellhead of the drilling. When the pressure inside the wellbore is less than the formation pressure, oil, gas, and water in the underground formation enter the wellbore and form overflow or kick, which can lead to drilling blowout and fire accidents in severe cases. The function of drilling well control devices is to quickly and timely close the wellhead when there is overflow or kick in the well, to prevent the occurrence of blowout accidents. The drilling well control device mainly includes: blowout preventer, spool, remote control console, driller's console, choke and kill well relief manifold, etc. The drilling well control device must meet the requirements of the drilling process, be safe, reliable, easy to operate, and be able to quickly close and open the wellhead. It can be controlled from both the driller's console of the drilling rig and the remote control console far from the wellhead. The device must have a certain level of pressure resistance, which can achieve controlled blowout, well killing, and tripping of drilling tools. After installing the rotary blowout preventer, drilling operations can also be carried out without killing the well.
Drilling blowout preventers can generally be divided into several types: single ram, double ram, universal (annular), and rotary blowout preventers. According to the requirements of the drilled formation and drilling technology, several blowout preventers can also be combined and used simultaneously. There are a total of 15 sizes of existing drilling blowout preventers, and the selection of size depends on the casing size in the drilling design, that is, the nominal diameter size of the drilling blowout preventer must be slightly larger than the outer diameter of the casing coupling that is run again. The pressure of the blowout preventer ranges from 3.5 to 175 MPa, with a total of 9 pressure levels. The selection principle is determined by the maximum wellhead pressure that the well is subjected to during shut-in. When using drilling floats and semi submersible drilling platforms at sea for drilling, as the floats and platforms work in a floating state, relative motion occurs between the drilling wellhead and the seabed wellhead, and special components that can be retracted and bent must be installed. However, these components cannot withstand the high pressure during blowout shut-in or reverse circulation operations, so the drilling blowout preventer must be placed under the retractable and bent components, We refer to it as a subsea wellhead device that needs to be installed at depths of tens to hundreds of meters.
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